The parameter ? determines the relationship between parental investment and the cost of reproduction.
2.
"It's an automatic assumption that there's a cost of reproduction with humans, " says Wrangham at Harvard.
3.
Like other dioecious plants, the female plants have a greater cost of reproduction compared to the male plants.
4.
Also, its life history and costs of reproduction have been documented in field populations in New Mexico and Arizona.
5.
Primack was interested in assessing the cost of reproduction to these lady's-slippers, about 90 percent of which produce fruit when hand-pollinated.
6.
His first experiment was unsuccessful, but his second on male costs of reproduction resulted in his lone publication on fruit flies.
7.
During mating season, males lower their body mass and use their body fat reserves to help fuel the energetic costs of reproduction.
8.
Field studies have also shown a cost of reproduction in a natural New Mexico population of the species " Urosaurus ornatus ".
9.
The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available.
10.
Some agencies sell information directly to the public for more than the cost of reproduction in order to make a profit from what the public already has paid for.
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